ABSTRACT
Reverse-genetic engineering of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) can improve the productivity, antigen matching, antigen stability, immune response ability, and biological safety of vaccines, so vaccine candidates with anticipated biological characteristics can be promptly achieved. Negative influence in taming of virulent strains can also be decreased or avoided. Reverse genetics not only make up for deficiencies like limitation of viral nature, low success rate, and time and energy consuming, but also realize more active designing of vaccines. Therefore, reverse genetics is significant in improving integral quality and efficiency of vaccines. In this review, we use FMDV vaccines as an example to summarize improvement in biological characteristics of virulent strains and provide a reference for related researches.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Viral , Allergy and Immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease , Allergy and Immunology , Virology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Reverse Genetics , Viral Vaccines , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1) is an interferon induced protein, that belongs to the guany late-binding protein family. GBP1 is widely involved in anti-infection immune responses, anti-tumor activity and various biological reactions. Recent studies have proved that IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IL1alpha, IL1beta, TNF-alpha and LPS can induce GBP1 expression; hence, the diverse biological functions of GBP1 have been gradually deduced and exploited. Many studies have been performed over recent years to understand the exact mechanisms that underlie the anti-infection and anti-tumor properties of GBP1. This review describes the molecular structure, biological activity, anti-infective properties and other functions of GBP1, in order to provide insights into the divergent roles of GBP1 in the regulation of various biological processes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents , Metabolism , Antiviral Agents , Metabolism , GTP-Binding Proteins , Chemistry , Genetics , Metabolism , Interferons , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) belong to pattern recognition receptors, which perform significant roles in antiviral responses. RLRs can initiate a cascade of signaling transduction that induces the production of type I interferon and activates the interferon signaling pathway, ultimately resulting in antiviral responses. In the course of evolution, viruses have been constantly counteracting host immune systems to facilitate their own survival and replication, and have developed a set of antagonistic strategies. These mainly comprise elusion, disguise and attack strategies to eliminate the activation of RLRs. In virus-infected cells, RLRs recognize viral RNA and then induce antiviral responses. A better understanding of viral antagonistic strategies against RLRs will provide insights into the development of new antiviral medicines. This mini-review concludes that there are three main antagonistic strategies by which RNA viruses can counteract the activation of the RLRs pathway. It aims to provide references and insights for similar studies on viral antagonism in an array of RNA viruses.
Subject(s)
Humans , DEAD Box Protein 58 , DEAD-box RNA Helicases , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Host-Pathogen Interactions , RNA Viruses , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Physiology , RNA, Double-Stranded , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , RNA, Viral , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Virus Diseases , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , VirologyABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Decorin is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan and it plays an important role in regulation of cell growth and migration in various tumor cell lines. Decorin was found down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer tissue and may be involved in regulation of lung cancer development.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this study, lentivirus-mediated RNA interference and over expression were employed to change the expression levels of decorin in lung cancer A549 cells. We tested the cell cycle of A549 cells and the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), P53, and P21.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We found that up-regulation of decorin could inhibit proliferation, block cell cycle at G1 and decrease invasive activity of A549 cells. Moreover, we also show that up-regulation of decorin induced significant decreases of TGF-β1, cyclin D1 expression, phosphorylation of EGFR, and increases of P53 and P21 expression. Opposite results were observed in A549 cells with down-regulation of decorin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggest that decorin is a key regulator involved in proliferation and migration of A549 cells.</p>